Which mode of heat transfer does not require a medium and can occur in a vacuum?

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Multiple Choice

Which mode of heat transfer does not require a medium and can occur in a vacuum?

Radiation is the way heat can move without any material medium. It uses electromagnetic waves to carry energy directly from one object to another, so it can travel through empty space. That’s why the Sun’s heat reaches Earth through the vacuum of space. The other ways rely on matter: conduction needs particles to collide and pass energy through a solid or liquid; convection requires a moving fluid to carry heat; evaporation involves a liquid surface changing to gas and is not a mechanism that carries energy through space on its own. So radiation is the mode that can occur in a vacuum.

Radiation is the way heat can move without any material medium. It uses electromagnetic waves to carry energy directly from one object to another, so it can travel through empty space. That’s why the Sun’s heat reaches Earth through the vacuum of space. The other ways rely on matter: conduction needs particles to collide and pass energy through a solid or liquid; convection requires a moving fluid to carry heat; evaporation involves a liquid surface changing to gas and is not a mechanism that carries energy through space on its own. So radiation is the mode that can occur in a vacuum.

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